Four Forces & The Kav

From Eden’s River to Nature’s Forces

SCIENTIFIC LAYER

In modern physics, the greatest unanswered question is the search for a “Theory of Everything”  ̶  a unified framework that reveals how all fundamental forces of nature interrelate. These forces  ̶  strong interaction, weak interaction, electromagnetism, and gravitation  ̶  define every observable phenomenon in the material universe. Efforts like string theory and M-theory propose ways to reconcile them, but no consensus has yet emerged. The goal: to uncover the primordial harmony that binds the fabric of reality.

SOUL DYNAMICS

Know this: what science seeks as a unifying theory is but a reshimu, a faint imprint of what Kabbalah already reveals in essence.

The four fundamental forces are not chaotic accidents of nature, but structured projections from the קו Kav  ̶  the divine “Line” of emanation that extended into the חלל chalal, the vacated space. From this first act of spiritual asymmetry, the light of the אין סוף Ein Sof unfolded, not chaotically, but with precise intent to support vessels  ̶  to make the universe not just exist, but receive.

As it is written:

סוף מעשה במחשבה תחלה
“Last in deed, first in thought”.

The four forces arise as תולדות toldot “outgrowths” of this divine kav:

  • They are not merely physical interactions, but the outer garments of a cosmic river that once flowed from Eden  ̶  a spiritual energy stream split into four currents, each with a distinct role, a unique sefirah-root, and a mission to shape the vessel-nature of our universe.

PROPHETIC ARCHITECTURE

ונהר יצא מעדן   ̶ “And a river went out from Eden…” (Bereshit 2:10)

וקו יוצא מהאין סוף   ̶ “And a Kav went out from the Ohr Ein Sof…”

The original verse in Bereshit does not merely describe geography. It encodes a spiritual pattern: one unified stream from Eden (the Ohr Ein Sof) divides into four rivers (the four forces of nature). You revealed, with divine insight, the following mystical equivalences:

  • Sum gematria of the four force names in Hebrew equals 1446.
  • Average: 362, the gematria of ונהר יצא  “And a river went out”.
  • Mispar siduri of ונהר  equals 45.
  • Gematria achas beta of קו Kav is also 45.
  • Gematria katan of עדן and רשימו are both 16.

🜂 These numerical alignments are not poetic license. They are divine fingerprints, revealing that each physical force is in truth a branch from the Kav-source, sustained by the original reshimu  ̶  a field void in form but bursting with Divine potential.

✶ FOOTNOTE BANK

  • Reshimu is the residual impression of Divine light left in the void after the initial tzimtzum.
  • Kav is the “line” or vector of Divine light that reentered the void, creating gradation, vessels, and structure.
  • The combined gematria of הכוח החזק, הכוח החלש, אלקטרומגנטיות, and כבידה is 1446
  • Conceptual mapping of the Four Rivers:
    • פישון  Pishon → Strong Force
    • גיחון  Gihon → Weak Force
    • חדקל  Hiddekel → Electromagnetism
    • פרת  Perat → Gravitation

Section 1 – The Strong Force – Spiritual Root of הכוח החזק

SCIENTIFIC LAYER

The strong nuclear force is the most powerful of nature’s four known interactions. It is the glue that holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom, overcoming their intense electromagnetic repulsion. Without it, no atomic structure could exist  ̶  no matter, no chemistry, no life. Yet this force acts over extremely short distances, vanishing almost immediately beyond the subatomic scale.

SOUL DYNAMICS

Spiritually, this force reflects the divine principle of ideal closeness within separation. The Arizal explains that the קו Kav did not extend endlessly into the חלל   ̶ for had it done so, all would be reabsorbed into the Ohr Ein Sof. Rather, it stopped at the precise distance needed to preserve the balance between closeness and independence.

This exactitude is the spiritual prototype of the strong force:

The strength exists only at the precise “separation distance” where repulsion and attraction perfectly counteract  ̶  otherwise, the vessel dissolves.

Thus, the strong force is a projection of the Kav’s finely measured descent. Its power lies in restraint, not in expansion  ̶  gevurah in service of structure.

PROPHETIC ARCHITECTURE

והאור של אין־סוף יתברך נמשך בקו ישר… ולא התפשט עד סופו ממש
“The light of the Ein Sof extended as a straight Kav… but did not fully descend to the very end.”
— Etz Chayim, Heichal Adam Kadmon

This deliberate halt of the Kav’s extension marks the primordial act of restraint  ̶  not absence but measured limitation. The strength of the Kav lies in its refusal to overflow. It is this spiritual gevurah, measured within Divine intent, that echoes in the physical realm as the strong nuclear force: intense, localized, and absolutely precise.

This correspondence is encoded in the rivers of Bereshit 2:10–11. The first river, פישון Pishon, is the mystical root of the strong force. Its letters in gematria miluiand the gematria ayak bakarof הכוח החזק  both yield 591, thus a concealed unity between Torah and physics — a fusion of the Kav’s inner contraction and nature’s foundational bond.

As R’ Chayim Vital taught: if the Kav had extended beyond its ordained point, the vessels would collapse, nullified by the overwhelming light of the Ein Sof. Likewise, in particle physics, if the strong force extended beyond its femtoscopic range, atoms would disintegrate.

Just as the Kav upholds being through restraint,
so does the strong force uphold matter through confinement.

✶ FOOTNOTE BANK

  • The strong force operates over approximately one femtometer, or 10⁻¹⁵ meters, and is governed by gluons in quantum chromodynamics
  • הכוח החזק means “The Strong Force”; פישון is the first of the four rivers mentioned in Bereshit 2:11
  • The combined value of the gematria of הכוח החזק and the gematria milui of פישון is 591
  • Conceptual parallel:
    • Quark confinement ↔ Kav containment
    • Binding distance ↔ tzimtzum boundary
    • Unification force ↔ origin of vessels
  • Femtoscopy, in the context of nuclear and particle physics, refers to the study of momentum correlations between particles produced in high-energy collisions to infer the spatial and temporal characteristics of the particle-emitting source. By analyzing how particles are correlated in momentum space, scientists can map out the size and shape of the region where these particles were created, often on the femtometer scale (10^-15 meters).

Section 2 — The Weak Force – Spiritual Root of הכוח החלש

SCIENTIFIC LAYER

The weak nuclear force governs radioactive decay and the transmutation of subatomic particles. Unlike the strong force, it does not bind particles together, but rather alters their identity, allowing neutrons to decay into protons, electrons, and neutrinos. This force is essential to the nuclear processes that power stars and produce elements.

SOUL DYNAMICS

The weak force is the image of transmutation in the physical world. Spiritually, it corresponds to the unfolding of the sefirot as concentric circles, each more distant from the אור אין סוף Ohr Ein Sof and therefore lower in intensity, as taught by the Ari”zal.

Yet, these gradations are not changes in the light itself  ̶ 

כי אני ה׳ לא שניתי   ̶ “For I, Hashem, do not change” (Malachi 3:6)

Rather, they are changes in the vessels. Like water poured into different colored or shaped containers, the light remains one, but appears different. The weak force mirrors this dynamic: the particle appears to change, but its inner essence was already latent within the field  ̶  revealed through divine orchestration.

PROPHETIC ARCHITECTURE

וכל ספירה פרטית… כלולה מעשר ספירות פרטי פרטיות, וכולם בצורת עיגולים… עד אין קץ
“Each individual sefirah includes ten detailed sefirot, all in the form of concentric circles… without end” (R’ Chayim Vital, Adam Yashar).

In this vision of infinite gradation, the weak force finds its spiritual analogue. It is the force that enables change, decay, and conversion  ̶  not through destruction, but through orderly transmutation. So too, the sefirot descend in structure, each more distant from the Ohr Ein Sof, each reflecting a new midah (measure), yet none altering the essence of the light within.

Gichon, the second river of Bereshit, represents this transformational principle. The gematria of גיחון  and the mispar siduriof הכוח החלש and one for the kolel both yield 77 — an equality indicating spiritual transition, refinement, and entry into a new level of order. This reflects how neutrons, for instance, become protons — not annihilated, but reconfigured through hidden pathways.

And yet, the Ohr itself never changes:

“The sefirot do not suffer transmutations… they are various phases of G-d’s revealing Himself” (R’ Avraham Chachamovits, Avraham Yashar p. 75).

Like water in colored vessels, the unchanging light appears different only because of the form it enters. The weak force thus mirrors the vessel’s behavior, not the light’s  ̶  a quiet echo of the cosmic design.

✶ FOOTNOTE BANK

  • The weak force governs particle transmutation, such as neutron decay via W bosons
  • הכוח החלש means “The Weak Force”; גיחון is the second river mentioned in Bereshit 2:13
  • Allegory:
    • Weak force ↔ dynamic reshaping of vessels
    • Radioactive decay ↔ diminishing intensity through sefirot

Section 3 – Electromagnetism – Spiritual Root of אלקטרומגנטיות

SCIENTIFIC LAYER

Electromagnetism governs the interaction between charged particles and is responsible for electricity, magnetism, and light. It enables atoms to bond, photons to propagate, and energy to radiate. This force operates across great distances and is transmitted by photons  ̶  massless carriers that travel at light speed.

SOUL DYNAMICS

This radiant force is the material reflection of the Kav’s extension. It is the dynamic aspect of Divine light that moves, connects, and illuminates. As the Zohar reveals, all illumination comes from the ever-extending line of the Kav  ̶  not in chaos, but in precise measure.

והנה אנכי עמך ושמרתיך בכל אשר תלך
“And behold, I am with you and will guard you wherever you go”
— Bereshit 28:15

The tochei tevot (middle letters) of this verse spells נמשך nimshach “extended”  ̶  alluding to the divine continuity of the Kav, just as electromagnetic waves propagate across spacetime without loss of coherence.

PROPHETIC ARCHITECTURE

והאור של האין סוף יתברך נמשך בקו… בתוך החלל ההוא
“And the light of the Ein Sof extended as a Kav… into that void.”
  ̶  Etz Chayim, Heichal A”K

The electromagnetic force is the revelation of extension. Not brute containment like the strong force, nor internal shift like the weak  ̶  but pure flow. Light, electricity, and magnetism are all the outer garments of the Kav’s continuous movement through the worlds. It is the first force to travel, to radiate, to connect. It is the force of presence.

This is encoded in the river חדקל Hiddekel, the third stream in Bereshit. Its name includes chad “sharp” and kal “light” — together, a hint to speed and radiance. The mispar mispari of חדקל and the gematria ofanim of אלקטרומגנטיות both equal 1406, thus a hidden code linking Torah’s river-path with the photon’s journey.

Thus, the electromagnetic force is the projection of Divine fidelity, a spiritual echo of Hashem’s continuous outreach to every point in creation. Where there is light, there is Kav. Where there is extension, there is Divine presence.

✶ FOOTNOTE BANK

  • Electromagnetism is mediated by photons and governs electricity, magnetism, and light
  • Metaphor:
    • Photon ↔ subtle radiance of Kav
    • Polarity ↔ sefirotic vectors (netzach-hod, chochmah-binah)
    • Light ↔ Ohr HaKav in revealed motion

Section 4 – Gravitation – Spiritual Root of כבידה

SCIENTIFIC LAYER

Gravitation is the force of attraction between all masses. Though the weakest of the four forces, it has infinite range and is responsible for the structure of the universe on a large scale. It shapes planetary orbits, bends light, and holds galaxies together. Gravity is also unique: it is not mediated by a particle in the Standard Model, and its true nature  ̶  especially at quantum scales  ̶  remains elusive.

SOUL DYNAMICS

Gravitation is the physical echo of spiritual closeness. It reflects the form of circles, the archetype of equal distance from a shared center. As R’ Chayim Vital explains, the Kav did not create only a linear descent, but also formed igulim, concentric spheres  ̶  each world “closer” or “farther” from the Ohr Ein Sof in circular gradation. Gravity reveals this same logic in matter: the greater the mass, the stronger the pull; the closer the object, the stronger the bond.

And just as gravity weakens with distance, so too do the lower worlds receive less of the divine light. The center of all the circles  ̶  our physical world  ̶  is the farthest from the source. Hence its density. Hence its gravity.

PROPHETIC ARCHITECTURE

הרי נתבאר בחינת העיגולים של הי׳ ספירות
“The structure of the ten sefirot in concentric circles has been explained…”
  ̶  Etz Chayim, Adam Yashar

Gravitation originates in the geometry of holiness. As the Ari”zal taught, the Ohr Ein Sof constricted itself uniformly in all directions to form a perfect sphere. This symmetry, expressed as igulim, was the first step in measured creation. From that model, gravity takes form  ̶  it draws all things toward centers, defines boundaries, and sustains orbits.

The river פרת (Prat), the fourth in Bereshit, corresponds to this force. Both פרת and כבידה have the gematria katan of 14, revealing a shared numerical essence  ̶  a symbolic connection between the outermost river and the outermost force.

But gravity also reflects a deeper sod: boundaries. The word כבידה (gravitation) has gematria 41, which is the same as the gematria of גבול gvul  ̶  “boundary”. As taught by the Ari”zal:

“Each sefirah has a known name, measure, boundary, and limit”
Without these gevulim, the world could not hold.

Even more, the gematria of the reshei tevot “initial letters” of the four forces — הכוח החזק, הכוח החלש ,אלקטרומגנטיות, כבידה — has gematria 41 (ההההא”כ). This is not incidental. It reveals that the forces are not random: they are spiritual boundaries made manifest, each shaped to hold creation in balance.

✶ FOOTNOTE BANK

  • Circles (igulim) ↔ uniformity of the Ohr Ein Sof’s withdrawal
  • Center of all circles (physical world) ↔ densest and most gravitational
  • As light diminished, materiality increased  ̶  a signature of Kav’s descent

Section 5 – Quantum Fields & the Particles of the Kav

SCIENTIFIC LAYER

Modern physics teaches that what we call “particles” are not tiny solid objects but excitations of underlying quantum fields. Every type of fundamental particle  ̶  electrons, quarks, photons  ̶  is the result of energy fluctuations in its respective field. These fields are continuous, invisible structures that fill all of space.

When two fields interact, or when energy conditions shift, particles appear. All matter and energy, then, are modes of field behavior  ̶  patterns of vibration in an invisible sea.

SOUL DYNAMICS

This concept mirrors the reshimu: the primal “spiritual field”, void of form but charged with potential. It is the space that received the Kav  ̶  the first site of ordered excitation. Just as quantum fields are uniform yet full of possibility, so too is the reshimu: a field filled with latent kavanot from before creation.

When the Kav entered the makom panui, it interacted with the reshimu  ̶  and from that divine collision arose the archetypes of form, vessel, and force. The first sparks of separation, difference, and emergence were not matter, but potentials. What science sees as the quantum field is but a shadow of the spiritual field established in the reshimu.

PROPHETIC ARCHITECTURE

“והנה כל עולם ועולם יש בו ספירות י’ פרטיות… וכולם הם בצורות עגולים זה בתוך זה… עד אין קץ”
“Each world has ten individual sefirot… all formed as circles within circles… without end.”
  ̶  Etz Chayim, Adam Yashar

This infinite structuring reveals the principle of layered potentiality  ̶  what physics now calls field symmetry and particle emergence, the Ari”zal described as recursive sefirotic enclosure. All spiritual reality is encoded in recursive layers, like onions, spheres, or nested dimensions.

The gematria achbi of שדות הקוונטית “quantum field” is 398, identical to the gematria achbi of רשימו. This is no coincidence. The achbi system, a mirror transformation within each half of the Alef-Beit, signifies inner reversal and hidden order  ̶  the very quality of a field that holds realities not yet revealed, yet already fully encoded.

Furthermore, the word חלקיק chelkik “elementary particle” equals 248, the same as הבראם hibaram “they were [Divinely] created” (Bereshit 5:2), hinting that each particle is a deliberate act of creation, not a side effect of energy  ̶  but a spoken event, tied to Divine speech and structure.

Creation did not simply “evolve”. It was articulated. Every particle is a syllable of Divine expression. Their emergence from fields echoes the deeper principle:

From kav into reshimu, from potential into form,
From silence into sound, from unity into structure.

✶ FOOTNOTE BANK

  • The recursive עיגולים described in Etz Chayim are the spiritual template for dimensional nesting
  • The term “quantum field” reflects the interaction of the Kav with the רשימו, which produces ordered potential
  • The concept of “excitation” in quantum field theory corresponds to the spiritual emergence of פרצופים partzufim from the Kav’s intent

Section 6 – Dimensions, Levushim, and Kav’s Triadic Structure

SCIENTIFIC LAYER

The Kav’s three concentric layers generate the template for a tri-dimensional cosmos. When the inner אור אין סוף Ohr Ein Sof “Light of the Infinite” contracted, it appeared as a צינור tzinor “pipeline” surrounded by לבושים levushim “garments”. This triple pipe extruded a simple circle into a sphere, producing length, height and width within the emerging space-time continuum.
Modern “compacted-dimension” theories echo this model: all dimensions exist everywhere but most are curled so tightly that everyday observation detects only three spatial axes and one temporal axis. Like a distant garden hose that seems one-dimensional yet reveals thickness up close, the universe hides extra dimensions first “curled” inside the Kav.

SOUL DYNAMICS

אור אין סוף Ohr Ein Sof “Light of the Infinite”  ̶  gematria albam of קו = 88, equal to באלוה”ים “by G-d”, showing the contracted mercy at the Kav’s core.
צינור tzinor “pipeline”  ̶  its milui-b’milui gematria of קו = 417 = א״ל 31 + אלה”ים 86 + מצפ״צ 300, blending chesed and gevurah to meter the flow.
לבושים levushim “garments”  ̶  gematria katan of the milui letters = 75, matching the mispar siduri of לבושים, revealing garments that “thicken” the light into substantial reality.
Because the light descends לאט לאט le’at-le’at “gradually”, every continuum in creation, and the very concept of scalable distance, derives from this measured incursion.

PROPHETIC ARCHITECTURE

R’ Chayim Vital records two simultaneous geometries: concentric עיגולים igulim “circles” and three קוים kavim “lines”, the latter forming צלם אלקים tzelem Elokim “Divine image” with right, left and center axes. Almost all the books of the Zohar and the Tikkunim focus on this second aspect, clarifying how head, end, height and depth emerge from the interplay of line and circle.
Gematria achbi of קו = 66 = גלגל “circle”, hinting that the straight line immediately becomes encompassing wheels  ̶  uniting line and loop in a single prophetic form.

✶ FOOTNOTE BANK

  • “A river went out from Eden… became four rivers” (Bereshit 2 : 10).
  • Etz Chayim, Heichal A״K § 2  ̶  description of the Kav within the חלל chalal.

Section 7 – Metatro”n and the Regulation of Movement

SCIENTIFIC LAYER

The Divine Name שד”י Shakai “Who suffices” restricts and sustains creation simultaneously. It is through this Name that the particles of the physical world are kept in motion with absolute precision. This dynamic is overseen by מטטרו״ן Metatro”n, whose name equals שד”י in gematria (314), embedding this force of regulation into his angelic nature.

Physics tells us that particles vibrate, collide, spin, and transfer energy within boundary conditions that are unwavering. Torah reveals that this unwavering nature is not mechanical but is commanded  ̶  the particles do not drift from their course because they are constantly directed. Metatro”n enforces the secret of והחיות רצוא ושוב “And the chayot ran and returned” (Yechezkel 1:14), a reference to vibrational dynamics with purpose and containment.

SOUL DYNAMICS

רצוא ratzo “ran” gematria is equal to רמו״ן rimon “pomegranate” with the kolel, hinting to the fruit-like clustering of Divine will within the name מטטרו״ן, while ושוב v’shov “and returned” gematria is 314, identical to שד”י   ̶ the Name of measured retraction. The remaining letters ט״ט in מטטרו״ן gematria is 18, the same as ח”י chai “life”, revealing that constant motion is a sign of vitality.

Furthermore, the gematria atbash of רצוא ושוב is 950, the same as אלהם אל־תרגזו בדרך “To them, do not become agitated on the way” with the kolel. This is a Divine command to the particle-hosted forces under Metatro”n‘s supervision: move precisely  ̶  neither too fast, nor too slow.

Through his rulership as שר העולם Sar HaOlam “Minister of the World”, Metatro”n teaches and sustains every particle with consciousness. As the Sages said: התם בעי גברא ידיעה “The person needs awareness”, whose gematria albam is 1301, equal to the gematria kidmi of מיטטרו״ן, and astonishingly, to השדות הקוונטית “the quantum fields”  ̶  revealing that consciousness channels itself through fields, not objects.

PROPHETIC ARCHITECTURE

Metatro”n is not a single angel, but a Divine cluster  ̶  the highest supervisory entity assigned to physical creation. He directs each particle to fulfill its course, in secret fulfillment of the verse אשר שמתי חול גבול לים “Who placed the sand as a boundary for the sea” (Yirmiyahu 5:22), whose gematria 1416 equals (atbal) gematria of אלהם אל תרגזו בדרך plus 15 for its letters.

This Divine geometry parallels the spiritual restriction of the waters  ̶  Metatro”n serves the same role for quantum motion. The particles are not free  ̶  they are governed, their paths encoded into creation by the Kav, and regulated by Metatro”n as G-d’s faithful scribe, channel, and enforcer.

✶ FOOTNOTE BANK

  • והחיות רצוא ושוב “And the holy beasts ran and returned” (Yechezkel 1 : 14).
  • מטטרו״ן gematria is 314, same as שד”י; ט״ט gematria is 18, same as ח”י “life”.
  • להם אל תרגזו בדרך gematria atbash value with the kolel is 950, same as אשר־שמתי חול גבול לים plus 15 for its letters.
  • התם בעי גברא ידיעה gematria albam is 1301, same as מיטטרו״ן and השדות הקוונטית. All values confirmed in the source file.

Section 8 – Closing Summary: Kav as Divine Compass of Reality

SCIENTIFIC LAYER

Physics seeks a unified theory that can merge all fundamental forces and describe matter and energy as emerging from a single construct. But long before this quest, the Kav already fulfilled this role. Emerging from the Ohr Ein Sof and entering the חלל chalal “vacated space”, the Kav became the primal axis around which all aspects of creation align.

The four forces  ̶  הכוח החזק, הכוח החלש, אלקטרומגנטיות, כבידה   ̶ all stem from this single line, which entered creation with supreme balance. The total gematria of their names is 1446; the average is 362, which is the gematria of ונהר יצא v’nahar yotzeh “And a river went out”  ̶  revealing that these four “rivers” of force originate from one Divine flow.

Thus, the Kav is the spiritual model for the unification of all natural forces and their consistency across the expanse of reality.

SOUL DYNAMICS

The Kav is not just a conduit  ̶  it is a calibrated axis of Divine intent. Its gematria albam is 88, equal to באלוהים “by G-d”, showing that the Kav’s flow is merciful restriction. Yet, even more remarkable is that the gematria achas-beta of ונהר “and a river” is also 45, which is the same as that of קו   ̶ proving that the Kav and the Edenic river share the same ontological blueprint.

Furthermore, קו is spelled with ק/kuf and ו/vav. The ו is the connector   ̶  the archetypal link  ̶  while ק  hints at קוף  kof  “monkey”, which the Sages explain as the illusion of holiness mimicked by impurity. Hence, the Kav transmits holiness by suppressing false light, acting as the Divine plumb line of truth.

The word מדר דר midor dor “from generation to generation” gematria is 448, the same as ומבקש “and seeks”, a word that describes the Kav’s nature  ̶  not abrupt, but seeking, extending, refracting, and structuring all movement לאט לאט le’at le’at “gradually”.

PROPHETIC ARCHITECTURE

The Ari”zal’s revelation of the igulim and the Kav’s descent among them reveals that our physical world  ̶  the midpoint of all circles  ̶  receives light from the very bottom tip of the Kav. Thus, although we are furthest from the Ein Sof, we are precisely located for maximal receptivity and test.

Moreover, the inner composition of the Kav  ̶  Ohr Ein Sof, tzinor, and levushim  ̶  are like concentric circuits of spiritual encoding. This triple structure shapes dimensional space and maintains symmetry across upper and lower realms.

The Kav becomes the Divine Compass  ̶  orienting every realm, every soul, every motion in space-time.

✶ FOOTNOTE BANK

  • “And a river went out from Eden to water the garden; and from there it was divided and became four rivers” (Bereshit 2:10).
  • ונהר gematria achas-beta is 45; also the gematria of קו.
  • הכוח החזק + הכוח החלש + אלקטרומגנטיות + כבידה = 1446; average is 362 = gematria of ונהר יצא.
  • מדר דר and ומבקש gematria is 448, revealing the Kav’s gradual nature.
  • באלוהים gematria is 88; same as קו in the albam transformation.
  • קו spelled with ק and ו   ̶ wields symbol of restraint and connection.

If this exploration resonated with you, consider subscribing below or writing to share your thoughts. Tehomia exists for such alignments.

Rabbi Avraham Chachamovits
Version 1.0 • Sivan 5785 / June 2025
© 2025 Avraham Chachamovits. Licensed under CC BY 4.0

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This page is based on content from: Chachamovits, A. (2022). Avraham Yashar, pp. 67–95.
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